Canadian Arctic Archipelago
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The data set is composed of raw files recorded with the Kongsberg Maritime SX90 long-range, low frequency (20-30 kHz) fisheries sonar during the CCGS Amundsen 2013 summer expedition in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. The sonar transducer is lowered 2.5 feet below the hull through a gate-valve. The cylindrical 256-elements transducer allows both a horizontal and a vertical sound transmission, and the omni-directional (horizontal) sonar beam can be tilted from +10 to -60 degrees to scan a large portion of the water column. The raw acoustic data were saved onto an external drive and print screens of interesting targets (fish schools) were recorded.
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The navigation data of the Amundsen scientific expeditions between 2003 and 2019 were recorded with the Position and Orientation Systems for Marine Vessels (POS-MV) and C-Nav Differential Global Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS) Precise Point Positioning systems. Two sets of controlled data are provided for each year of expedition. The first set is at time intervals of seconds for every day of the cruise and the second set is at 15 minute intervals. The data consist of Latitude, Longitude, Heading, Roll, Pitch, Heave, Track, Speed and Global Positioning System (GPS) sources at the second time intervals. The vessel's tracks in .kml (Google Earth format) were derived from the 15 minute time intervals dataset and are also provided. Research programs participating in the Amundsen expeditions between 2003 and 2017 were CASES, ArcticNet, IPY-CFL, Solas, Geotraces, Malina, IOL and BP, Jamstec, Netcare, Weston, BREA, iBO and GreenEdge.
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This study presents sea surface concentrations of marine dimethylsulfide (DMS) measured across the Labrador Sea and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during summer of 2017 (July-August). Using a novel automated instrument (ACT-MIMS) more than 2500 DMS observations were collected at high frequency alongside ancillary measurements of salinity, temperature, fluorescence (chlorophyll a proxy), solar radiation, ice concentration and the algal precursor of DMS, dimethylsulfoniopropionate. DMS concentrations ranged from ca. 1 to 32 nmol L-1 (average of 6 nmol L-1) in 2017 over an area covering a wide range of contrasting marine environments from coastal to open ocean, ice-free waters, as well as under-ice waters. Surface water DMS hotspots were measured in association with thermohaline oceanographic features in high productivity coastal waters, as well as with the presence of ponded first-year ice (FYI). Nighttime increases and daytime decreases of DMS concentrations were also observed in productive areas of the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait continental shelf. The association of DMS concentrations with diurnal solar radiation variation suggests the involvement of photobiological processes. Overall, our results strengthen the view that aqueous DMS cycling in the Arctic is intimately linked with sea ice dynamics and physiological responses to light. As such, future changes in the seasonality of the Arctic cryosphere will likely play an important role in shaping DMS emissions, although the sign and magnitude of the change remain highly uncertain.
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Real-time atmospheric measurements were made on board the CCGS Amundsen. Sampling lines were placed on the forward mast of the ship, and instruments were housed in a sampling shed located on the top deck. Mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs: dimethylsulfide, acetone, methanol, benzene, etc.) were measured using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Aerosol size distributions between 10 and 500 nm were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer and total aerosol number concentrations > 3 nm were measured using an ultrafine condensation particle counter. All data have time resolution of minutes.
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Processed atmospheric ceiling heights were recorded from a CT25K ceilometer. The instrument was mounted on the CCGS Amundsen icebreaker on the port side directly behind the ship's wheelhouse. Data were collected during transit, set transects, 24-hour stations, and multi-day drift stations. The instrument was running continuously during the project, with only minor interruptions for maintenance activities.
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Processed atmospheric ceiling heights were recorded from a CT25K ceilometer. The instrument was mounted on the CCGS Amundsen icebreaker on the port side directly behind the ship's wheelhouse. Data were collected during transit, set transects, 24-hour stations, and multi-day drift stations. The instrument was running continuously during the IPY-CFL project, with only minor interruptions for maintenance activities.
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The CCGS Amundsen is equipped with a RDI ADCP Ocean Surveyor (RDI os150), a ship-mounted current meter attached to the hull of the ship. The ship is also equipped of ice windows to protect the system while sailing through harsh arctic conditions. The current meter records continuous measures of the current along the ship transit route using a 150KHz sonar capable of covering the first 450m of the arctic water column. Since 2015 data are controlled using the Common Oceanographic Data Access System (CODAS, https://currents.soest.hawaii.edu/home/software/) of the University of Hawai'i, also adopted by the NOAA-National Centers for Environmental Information (NOAA-NCEI) to create the Joint Archive for Shipboard ADCP. Data are provided in NetCDF formats and follow the COARD (Cooperative Ocean/Atmosphere Research Data) convention. Detailed information and metadata are available in the documentation of the archive and in-built metadata files. Raw data since 2004 are available on demand.
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The Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen is equipped with BIONESS (Bedford Institute of Oceanography Net and Environmental Sampling System). It is a multiple-net sampler for zooplancton and micronekton (pelagic animals 1-10 cm in length). It uses a design with nets arranged horizontally rather than vertically. An integrated CTD unit is also integrated to the system and allows recording of the sampled water characteristics. This dataset is composed of CTD profiles and specific data for the volume of water going through the nets during their operation. The BIONESS was deployed during the 2005, 2006, 2013, 2014 and 2016 Amundsen scientific expeditions in summer and fall. The Bioness-CTD data were corrected and controlled by comparing them to CTD-Rosette data when available. Outliers and suspicious measurements were removed from the dataset. Variables are provided for every decibar (dbar) between the maximum and minimum pressure recorded for each cast. Research programs participating in the Amundsen expeditions between 2005 and 2016 include ArcticNet, IOL and BP, BREA, Weston, Netcare, JAMSTEC, iBO and GreenEdge. In-situ data belong to and are under the responsibility of the leading Nets scientists while physical and chemical data from the sensors are part of the Amundsen core data collection.
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The BO105 helicopter on board the CCGS Amundsen was used during the northern section of the ArcticNet 1b leg to collect the ice thickness and video data along flight paths across Kennedy Channel. The main collection of data was done on three days between August 21 and August 24. In addition a total of 5 beacons were deployed on thick ice floes during these flights to monitor the ice drift of the floes within Kennedy Channel. From the two data sets the ice flux through Kennedy Channel can be estimated as shown below. At the end of the survey, ice thickness data was collected with an EM sled from a floe in Barrow Strait (74.0N and -96.4W) on September 1, 2013.
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To obtain the data, water samples of vertical profiles were firstly collected from the Rosette onboard the CCGS Amundsen, and then analyzed with instruments both onboard and in the lab in University of Manitoba. The total mercury were measured on a Tekran 2600 Model with the method EPA 1631 in the Portable In-situ Laboratory for Mercury Species onboard, while the methylmercury data were analyzed with the method EPA 1630 in the Ultra-Clean Trace Element Laboratory, which is located at the University of Manitoba. The main data types are the contaminants (along with O18 isotopes and dissolved organic carbon) concentrations in vertical profiles at the study sites.